SAT2010

Have fun! The Phoenicians and Hebrews -->The People of the Purple Dye 10 major concepts and 6 vocab gets us a B. so we want to gather at least 11 major concepts and 7 vocab gets s an A. AnnMarie-Blue Taylor-Purple Shreya-Green FEEL FREE TO CHANGE IT! n

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​ __** Writing Structure **__ Phoenicians wrote in a script called cuneiform, which came from the Byblos. The Phoenician alphabet was the first widely used alphabet in the ancient world. This alphabet was used to create other alphabets such as Greeks, Eutruscan, Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, and scripts of India and East Asia. They wrote right to left and had 22 characters. Hebrews derived their alphabet from the Phoenicinans. Their earliest writing dates back to the 11th centry BCE. They also wrote right to left and had 22 characters.

Top-king and preists Middle-merchants and aristocrats Lower- slaves and poor, farmers and labor workers
 * __Social Structure__**

• Six hundred years later, the Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt. After a time, Moses led them out of slavery and across the Sinai Desert, first to Mount Sinai, where he received the Ten Commandments, and then back to Canaan. Moses died shortly before they arrived, but Joshua led them safely to what they called "the Promised Land." • The Hebrews elected Saul as their first king, and he ruled for several years. His death brought David to the throne. David continued Saul's campaigns against the neighboring lands and made Jerusalem his capital. His son, Solomon, ruled for many years. • 1200 B.C. a seafaring civilization arose along the Mediterranean Sea. These were the Phoenicians, and their boats carried traders and explorers alike. They carried customs and goods from one ancient civilization to another. They are known for their alphabet, their papermaking, and their glassmaking. • The Hebrews originated in UR, along the Euphrates River (Sumeria). Early Hebrews were traveling merchants. Abraham became unhappy with the city so he left with some people to Palestine. The Phoenicians told the Hebrews that they must stay on the outskirts of town because they wanted to defend their city. • Monotheistic - one God, Yahweh. One god did it all. • Yahweh always did what was right and just. • Their history is written in the first five books of the Old Testament, The Torah. • Ten Commandments were part of a covenant or promise made with Yahweh. • First to have an abstract notion of God, and to forbid his representation by images. • Nature was demythologized and man had dominance over it. Nature was seen as good, and not as a threat. • At first believed they alone lived under God's protection as His chosen people, then believed their God was the God of all people and of the universe. Because they believed in this one God for everyone, they also came to believe that not only should you love your neighbor, but your enemies as well - a new concept. • Pharaohs made the Hebrews slaves. The Hebrews remained slaves for 300 years. • Moses ("Moses" means boy or son) was a Hebrew who had been raised as an Egyptian prince by his mother, who had left him and then was chosen to raise him. His mother asked the Pharaoh to let them go, but the Pharaoh declined. Moses said God would punish the Pharaoh, but the Pharaoh didn't believe him. • God punished the Pharaohs: Water to blood, frogs, lice, flies, boils, hail, locusts, three days of darkness. • Moses led many people out of Egypt and moved south to the desert. - Exodus to Mount Sinai, 1290 BC, where, it is said Moses received a message from Yahweh. Mosses met God and they had a chat. • Moses is given the Covenant. The God became the god of the Israelites and JUST the Israelites. There were laws - many, many laws, not just the Ten Commandments. They may not have any other gods, (not there are no other gods) binding themselves to one God. The Covenant: "I Will Be Your God; You Will Be My People." • Moses wandered in the wilderness for 40 years because of disobedience of the Ten Commandments. • The Phoenicians were amongst the greatest traders of their time and owed a great deal of their prosperity to trade. The Phoenicians' initial trading partners were the Greeks, with whom they used to trade wood, slaves, glass and powdered Tyrian Purple, used by the Greek elite to color clothes and other garments and was not available anywhere else. Without trade with the Greeks they would not be known as Phoenicians, as the word for Phoenician is derived from the Ancient Greek word phoinikèia meaning "purple".Purple, a violet-purple dye derived from the Murex sea-snail's shell. • Phoenician art had no unique characteristic that could be identified with. This is due to the fact that Phoenicians were influenced by foreign designs and artistic cultures mainly from Egypt, Greece and Assyria. Phoenicians who were taught on the banks of the Nile and the Euphrates gained a wide artistic experience and finally came to create their own art, which was an amalgam of foreign models and perspectives. • The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Roman legend it was founded in 814 BCE by Phoenician colonists from Tyre under the leadership of Elissa (Queen Dido). It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. • Carthage was built on a promontory with inlets to the sea to the north and south. The city's location made it master of the Mediterranean's maritime trade. All ships crossing the sea had to pass between Sicily and the coast of Tunisia, where Carthage was built, affording it great power and influence. • Two large, artificial harbors were built within the city, one for harboring the city's massive navy of 220 warships and the other for mercantile trade. A walled tower overlooked both harbors. • The city had massive walls, 23 miles (37 kilometres) in length, longer than the walls of comparable cities. Most of the walls were located on the shore and thus could be less impressive, as Carthaginian control of the sea made attack from that direction difficult. The 2.5 to 3 miles (4 to 4.8 kilometres) of wall on the isthmus to the west were truly large and, in fact, were never penetrated. • The city had a huge necropolis or burial ground, religious area, market places, council house, towers and a theatre and was divided into four equally-sized residential areas with the same layout. Roughly in the middle of the city stood a high citadel called the Byrsa. It was one of the largest cities in Hellenistic times (by some estimates only Alexandria was larger) and was among the largest cities in pre-industrial history. • The navy of Carthage was one of the largest in the Mediterranean, using serial production to maintain high numbers at moderate cost. The sailors and marines of the Carthaginian navy were predominantly recruited from the Punic citizenry, unlike the multi-national allied and mercenary troops of the Carthaginian armies. The navy offered a stable profession and financial security for its sailors. This helped to contribute to the city's political stability, since the unemployed, debt ridden poor in other cities were frequently inclined to support revolutionary leaders in the hope of improving their own lot.[9] The reputation of her skilled sailors implies that there was in peacetime a training of oarsmen and coxswains, giving their navy a cutting edge in naval matters. • The fall of Carthage came at the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BCE.[11] In spite of the initial devastating Roman naval losses at the beginning of the series of conflicts and Rome's recovery from the brink of defeat after the terror of a 15-year occupation of much of Italy by Hannibal, the end of the series of wars resulted in the end of Carthaginian power and the complete destruction of the city by Scipio Aemilianus. The Romans pulled the Phoenician warships out into the harbor and burned them before the city, and went from house to house, capturing, raping and enslaving the people. Fifty thousand Carthaginians were sold into slavery.[12] The city was set ablaze, and in this way was razed with only ruins and rubble to field the aftermath. After the fall of Carthage, Rome annexed the majority of the Carthaginian colonies, including other North African locations